Surprise! Monster Black Hole Found in Dwarf Galaxy

[gwillybj]

space.com
Surprise! Monster Black Hole Found in Dwarf Galaxy
By Charles Q. Choi, Space.com Contributor
September 17, 2014 01:18pm ET

Astronomers have just discovered the smallest known galaxy that harbors a huge, supermassive black hole at its core.

The relatively nearby dwarf galaxy may house a supermassive black hole at its heart equal in mass to about 21 million suns. The discovery suggests that supermassive black holes may be far more common than previously thought.

A supermassive black hole millions to billions of times the mass of the sun lies at the heart of nearly every large galaxy like the Milky Way. These monstrously huge black holes have existed since the infancy of the universe, some 800 million years or so after the Big Bang. Scientists are uncertain whether dwarf galaxies might also harbor supermassive black holes. [Watch a Space.com video about the new dwarf galaxy finding]

"Dwarf galaxies usually refer to any galaxy less than roughly one-fiftieth the brightness of the Milky Way," said lead study author Anil Seth, an astronomer at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. These galaxies span only several hundreds to thousands of light-years across, much smaller than the Milky Way's 100,000-light-year diameter, and they "are much more abundant than galaxies like the Milky Way," Seth said.

The researchers investigated a rarer kind of dwarf galaxy known as an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy; such galaxies are among the densest collections of stars in the universe. "These are found primarily in galaxy clusters, the cities of the universe," Seth told Space.com.


This image shows a huge galaxy, M60, with the small dwarf galaxy that is expected to eventually merge with it.
Credit: NASA/Space Telescope Science Institute/European Space Agency

Now, Seth and his colleagues have discovered that an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy may possess a supermassive black hole, which would make it the smallest galaxy known to contain such a giant.

The astronomers investigated M60-UCD1, the brightest ultra-compact dwarf galaxy currently known, using the Gemini North 8-meter optical-and-infrared telescope on Hawaii's Mauna Kea volcano and NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. M60-UCD1 lies about 54 million light-years away from Earth. The dwarf galaxy orbits M60, one of the largest galaxies near the Milky Way, at a distance of only about 22,000 light-years from the larger galaxy's center, "closer than the sun is to the center of the Milky Way," Seth said.

The scientists calculated the size of the supermassive black hole that may lurk inside M60-UCD1 by analyzing the motions of the stars in that galaxy, which helped the researchers deduce the amount of mass needed to exert the gravitational field seen pulling on those stars. For instance, the stars at the center of M60-UCD1 zip at speeds of about 230,000 mph (370,000 km/h), much faster than stars would be expected to move in the absence of such a black hole.


This illustration depicts the supermassive black hole located at the center of the very dense galaxy M60-UCD1. It may weigh 21 million times the mass of our sun.
Credit: NASA, ESA, D. Coe, G. Bacon (STScI)

The supermassive black hole at the core of the Milky Way has a mass of about 4 million suns, taking up less than 0.01 percent of the galaxy's estimated total mass, which is about 50 billion suns. In comparison, the supermassive black hole that may lie in the core of M60-UCD1 appears five times larger than the one in the Milky Way, and also seems to make up about 15 percent of the dwarf galaxy's mass, which is about 140 million suns.

"That is pretty amazing, given that the Milky Way is 500 times larger and more than 1,000 times heavier than the dwarf galaxy M60-UCD1," Seth said in a statement.

Astronomers have debated the nature of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies for years — whether they were extremely massive clusters of stars that were all born together, or whether they were the centers or nuclei of large galaxies that had their outer layers stripped away during collisions with other galaxies. These new findings hint that ultra-compact dwarf galaxies are the stripped nuclei of larger galaxies, because star clusters do not host supermassive black holes.

The researchers suggest M60-UCD1 was once a very large galaxy, with maybe 10 billion stars, "but then it passed very close to the center of an even larger galaxy, M60, and in that process, all the stars and dark matter in the outer part of the galaxy got torn away and became part of M60," Seth said in a statement. "That was maybe as much as 10 billion years ago. We don't know."


The Gemini North Observatory in Hawaii shoots a laser beam into the sky as an "artificial star."
Credit: Gemini Observatory/Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy

Eventually, M60-UCD1 "may merge with the center of M60, which has a monster black hole in it, with 4.5 billion solar masses — more than 1,000 times bigger than the supermassive black hole in our galaxy," Seth said in a statement. "When that happens, the black hole we found in M60-UCD1 will merge with that monster black hole."

The astronomers suggest the way stars move in many other ultra-compact dwarf galaxies hints that they may host supermassive black holes, as well. All in all, the scientists suggest that ultra-compact dwarf galaxies could double the number of supermassive black holes known in the nearby regions of the universe. The researchers are participating in ongoing projects that may provide conclusive evidence for supermassive black holes in four other ultra-compact dwarfs.

The scientists detailed their findings in the Sept. 18 issue of the journal Nature.

http://www.space.com/27179-monster-black-hole-dwarf-galaxy.html

[Buster's Uncle]

NASA finds tiniest galaxy has 'supermassive' black hole
The agency's Hubble Space Telescope spots one of the smallest galaxies ever discovered -- with a giant black hole at its core.
CNET
by  Daniel Terdimann  @GreeterDan /September 17, 2014 3:38 PM PDT



They say big things come in little packages. That may never be more true than with what astronomers have just discovered: A "monster" black hole hiding inside one of the smallest galaxies ever known.

NASA said Wednesday that astronomers using its Hubble Space Telescope have found a new dwarf galaxy -- known as M60-UCD1 -- that "crams 140 million stars within a diameter of about 300 light-years, which is only 1/500th" the diameter of the Milky Way galaxy.

At the core of this tiny galaxy is what NASA is calling a "supermassive," or "monster" black hole, one that has five times the mass of the black hole at the center of our own Milky Way galaxy. A dwarf galaxy is one that has a small fraction of the hundreds of billion of stars in the Milky Way.

However, when comparing the density of the Milky Way and the newly-discovered galaxy, NASA said looking at the nighttime sky from Earth reveals about 4,000 stars. Someone looking up into the sky from inside M60-UCD1 would see a million stars.

According to NASA, this finding indicates there could be many other dense galaxies throughout the universe that also have giant black holes. At the same time, the space agency said, the discovery may mean that dwarf galaxies like M60-UCD1 could be the ripped remnants of larger galaxies that broke apart during violent events such as collisions with other galaxies.

"We don't know of any other way you could make a black hole so big in an object this small," Anil Seth, the University of Utah astronomer who led a study about the newly-found galaxy, said in a NASA statement.

Seth's team used both the Hubble telescope and Hawaii's Gemini North-8 meter optical and infrared telescope to identify the new galaxy and measure the black hole's mass.

NASA explained that black holes are "gravitationally collapsed, ultra-compact objects that have a gravitational pull so strong that even light cannot escape."


http://www.cnet.com/news/nasa-finds-tiniest-galaxy-has-supermassive-black-hole/#ftag=YHF65cbda0

[Buster's Uncle]

Tiny galaxy harbours black-hole surprise
AFP
4 hours ago



A photo released on July 10, 2012 by the NASA/ESA shows a view by the Hubble Space Telescope used by astronomers to unmask ta dwarf galaxy (AFP Photo/)



Paris (AFP) - Astronomers using the Hubble orbital telescope found a "supermassive" black hole lurking at the heart of the only dwarf galaxy ever observed to host one, they reported Wednesday.

The surprise was discovered at the core of a tiny but incredibly dense galaxy, M60-UCD1, about 50 million light years from Earth, the team reported in the journal Nature.

M60-UCD1 is packed with some 140 million stars but is only 300 light years across -- 1/500th of the diameter of our Milky Way.

Black holes are enigmatic phenomena whose gravitational force is so extreme that not even light can escape their clutch.

Supermassive versions of these beasts have until now only been seen at the centre of large galaxies, including our own, but never one so small.

The astronomers were especially taken aback when they calculated that the hole accounts for a whopping 15 percent of the galactic mass.

The hole has the mass of 20 million Suns, making it five times heavier than the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way.

One explanation could be that M60-UCD1 was once part of a much larger galaxy, which split and left one section with the black hole.

If this theory is wrong and further sky-gazing shows that ultra-compact dwarf galaxies do typically harbour a supermassive black hole, the time could be nigh for a rethink.

It would mean there could be twice as many black holes in our region of the Universe than previously estimated, the journal said.


http://news.yahoo.com/tiny-galaxy-harbours-black-hole-surprise-214515776.html