« Last post by Buster's Uncle on December 16, 2025, 04:24:23 pm »
Your point has merit, to be sure - but ignores that people in general can't handle simple transexuals. This stuff screws with identity markers in a profound way.
-And I don't want to share the universe with Super Elon Musk...
« Last post by Buster's Uncle on December 16, 2025, 04:17:26 pm »
CNN Some dolphins appear to have orca friends. Scientists think they have figured out what’s going on Katie Hunt, CNN Mon, December 15, 2025 at 2:50 PM EST 6 min read
A pod of Northern Resident killer whales travels together. - University of British Columbia (A.Trites), Dalhousie University (S. Fortune), Hakai Institute (K. Holmes), Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (X. Cheng)
A pod of Pacific white-sided dolphins off the coast of British Columbia have been observed cooperating with orcas, a traditional enemy that’s better known for taking out great white sharks than friendly interaction.
Scientists say they have documented the dolphins and a local population of killer whales known as Northern Resident orcas teaming up to hunt the orcas’ staple food: salmon. Though other groups of orcas feast on dolphins, Northern Residents do not. Still, it is the first time this type of cooperative behavior has been documented between the two marine mammals, researchers reported.
“Seeing them dive and hunt in sync with dolphins completely changes our understanding of what those encounters mean,” said Sarah Fortune, Canadian Wildlife Federation chair in large whale conservation and an assistant professor in Dalhousie University’s oceanography department. Fortune was the lead author of the study, which published Thursday in the journal Scientific Reports.
To witness the dolphins and orcas interacting, the researchers captured drone footage as well as underwater video by attaching suction tags to the orcas that were equipped with cameras and hydrophones.
Their footage showed that the killer whales traveled toward the dolphins and followed them at the surface level. The underwater footage revealed that the killer whales were also following dolphins on their dives of up to 60 meters (197 feet), where the orcas were able to prey on Chinook salmon.
Though light levels are low at those depths, Fortune said cameras picked up the killer whales catching salmon, with clouds of blood billowing from their mouths, and hydrophones picked up the crunch of a kill.
To understand better what was happening, the researchers also eavesdropped on the echolocation clicks made by dolphins and orcas, which allow animals to navigate and sense their environment by listening to the returned echoes of the noises they make. “We can look at the characteristics of these clicks to infer whether a whale is actively chasing a prey for a fish and also whether it may have caught the fish,” Fortune said.
The researchers recorded 258 instances of dolphins and orcas interacting between August 15 and 30, 2020.
They found that all the whales that interacted with dolphins also engaged in killing, eating and searching for salmon.
Put together, the data Fortune and her colleagues collected suggested that the killer whales, fearsome predators able to take on great whites and whale sharks several times their size, were essentially using the dolphins as scouts.
“By hunting with other echolocating animals like the dolphins, they might be increasing their acoustic field of view, providing greater opportunity to detect where the salmon are. That’s sort of the prevailing thought here,” she explained. Using dolphins in this way would also allow the orcas to conserve energy, with salmon often hiding at depths to try and avoid predators such as orcas.
Drone footage captured the orcas and dolphins interacting. Pictured here are drone operator Keith Holmes of the Hakai Institute and researcher Taryn Scarff. - University of British Columbia (A.Trites), Dalhousie University (S. Fortune), Hakai Institute (K. Holmes), Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (X. Cheng)
But what do dolphins get out of the interactions?
The video Fortune and her colleagues collected showed that once the orcas caught their prey and shared it with the pod, the dolphins were quick to eat the leftovers.
But salmon isn’t a core part of a dolphin’s diet, so greater access to food likely wasn’t the sole motivation, Fortune said. By hanging out with the orcas, dolphins likely gain protection from other orca pods that pass through the area and hunt dolphins.
In addition to the salmon-eating Northern Resident killer whales, the region is home to a distinct type of orca known as the Bigg’s or transient killer whales that specialize in eating marine mammals such as dolphins.
Interactions between Northern Residents and dolphins have occurred off northeastern Vancouver Island for at least three decades, according to Brittany Visona-Kelly, a senior manager at Canadian conservation group Ocean Wise’s Whales Initiative, who wasn’t involved in this research but has studied the interactions between dolphins, porpoises and the same population of orcas.
In her experience, it was the dolphins that initiated interaction with the killer whales, not the other way around, and she said she was skeptical that the two were genuinely engaging in cooperative foraging. Instead, she said, the orcas may have viewed the dolphins as an annoying pest that was easier to put up with than get rid of.
A Pacific white-sided dolphin swims through the water. - University of British Columbia (A.Trites), Dalhousie University (S. Fortune), Hakai Institute (K. Holmes), Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (X. Cheng)
“Over several years of observations, we concluded that dolphins and porpoises — not killer whales — benefit most from these encounters. Dolphins and porpoises likely gain protection from their primary predator,” she said via email.
“We suggest that Northern Resident killer whales derive no clear benefits from these interactions, but that actively avoiding or resisting them may impose greater energetic costs than tolerating them,” she added.
Fortune, however, said her team’s findings upended the prevailing view among scientists of the interactions.
“Under that paradigm, the dolphins would need to be just kind of hanging out at the surface, grubbing scraps, not exerting time and energy and effort in the process, which they certainly are,” she said, adding that her team found no evidence of antagonistic or avoidant behavior by the orcas toward the dolphins.
The research vessel Steller Quest was used to tag the killer whales. - University of British Columbia (A.Trites), Dalhousie University (S. Fortune), Hakai Institute (K. Holmes), Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (X. Cheng)
What’s more, the research by Fortune and her colleagues was the first time underwater footage has been used to understand the behavior, she added.
Cooperation between different species is relatively common in nature, but rarer among mammals and typically doesn’t involve predators, said Judith Bronstein, University Distinguished Professor in the University of Arizona’s department of ecology and evolutionary biology, who studies interspecies cooperation. However, she noted that coyotes had been observed hunting with badgers and opossums with ocelots.
Many species feed together, Bronstein said, noting that “mixed flocks of birds, mixed shoals of fish, for instance, all look out for predators.”
“What’s cool about this example is that each of the species has different abilities,” she said, “and when you look at collaboration between species, you’re always looking for the benefit that outweighs the cost.”
« Last post by Lorizael on December 16, 2025, 04:16:19 pm »
I think transhumanism is a continuum between pacemakers and prosthetic limbs on one end and robot bodies and mind uploading on the other. And I think the most likely course for technological progress is that people today say, "What? No! A pacemaker doesn't make you a cyborg. That's ridiculous!" and a hundred years from now people say, "What? No! A memory implant doesn't make you a cyborg. That's ridiculous!" and we just keep on saying that until some relatively recent iteration of humanity no longer recognizes the current iteration as being the same thing. But I also think humans of a hundred thousand years ago wouldn't find much in common with the humans of today, so we're already deep into this. The only alternative is a very precisely calibrated kind of Luddism that IMO doesn't really hold up to scrutiny.
« Last post by Buster's Uncle on December 16, 2025, 04:06:04 pm »
Popular Science Massive newborn star is firing two plasma jets at once Andrew Paul Mon, December 15, 2025 at 1:55 PM EST 3 min read
NASA's James Webb Space Telescope recently imaged an extremely large and symmetric protostellar jet at the outskirts of our Milky Way galaxy in the forming cluster Sh2-284. From tip to tip, this protostellar jet is 8 light-years across, about double the distance from our Sun to its closest neighboring star system, Alpha Centauri.
A newborn star 15,000 light-years from Earth is fascinating astronomers with its dual blasts of superheated plasma jets. The rare sight captured in stunning detail by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) isn’t only a display of cosmic forces. It’s helping solve a decades’ long debate about the origins of massive stellar objects.
Located at the edge of the Milky Way galaxy inside a nebula known as Sharpless 2-284 (Sh2-284), the young protostar is already upwards of 10 times the mass of our sun. But while researchers have observed hundreds of stellar jets from other young stars, few occur in such a gargantuan example as Sh2-284.
“We didn’t really know there was a massive star with this kind of super-jet out there before the observation. Such a spectacular outflow of molecular hydrogen from a massive star is rare in other regions of our galaxy,” explained Yu Cheng, an astronomer at Japan’s National Astronomical Observatory and co-author of a study on Sh2-284 published in The Astrophysical Journal.
By studying the protostar and its jets, researchers can refine their models for early stellar activity. Sh2-284’s location also offers an approximation of a much younger universe. The protostar lives at the edge of our galaxy, and lacks elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The measurement of these elemental proportions in a protostar is known as metallicity. Stars with low metallicity mirror the cosmic bodies that existed during a much earlier era of the universe, including soon after the Big Bang.
“Massive stars, like the one found inside this cluster, have very important influences on the evolution of galaxies,” said Cheng. “Our discovery is shedding light on the formation mechanism of massive stars in low metallicity environments, so we can use this massive star as a laboratory to study what was going on in earlier cosmic history.”
For over 30 years, experts have been debating the evolution of massive stars and often support one of two theories. The competitive accretion theory posits that an incredibly chaotic amassing of materials coming in from different directions creates the protostar. These influences shift a protostar’s orientation over time, with jet excretions flowing out perpendicularly above and below the swirling disk. On the other hand, the core accretion theory features a much more stable stellar evolution process.
“What we’ve seen here, because we’ve got the whole history–a tapestry of the story–is that the opposite sides of the jets are nearly 180 degrees apart from each other,” added Jonathan Tan, an astronomer and study co-author. “That tells us that this central disk is held steady and validates a prediction of the core accretion theory.”
Despite its measurements and powerful plasma jets, Sh2-284 is showing researchers that massive stars can be born through remarkably stable conditions. Without the JWST, the accretion debate could have easily continued for another three decades. But while the argument may be nearly settled, it still amazes its observers.
“I was really surprised at the order, symmetry, and size of the jet when we first looked at it,” said Tan.
« Last post by Buster's Uncle on December 16, 2025, 03:57:37 pm »
Martha Stewart Living A Bright 'Christmas Star' Will Light Up the Sky This Month—Here's When to See It You can't miss this brilliant object. Michele Laufik Mon, December 15, 2025 at 1:12 PM EST 2 min read
icebergpicture / Getty Images
Key Points
*The "Christmas Star" visible this month is actually Jupiter, which currently looks exceptionally bright in the night sky.
*Jupiter is heading toward opposition on January 10, 2026, a positioning that makes the planet appear larger and brighter.
*The planet is easy to spot with the naked eye—look to the eastern sky about 90 minutes after sunset, with binoculars offering an even clearer view.
If you've looked up at the night sky this month, you've probably spotted a single bright point of light that outshines everything around it.
And while it's sometimes referred to as the "Star of Bethlehem" (the celestial light in Christian tradition that guided the wise men to Jesus' birthplace) or the "Christmas Star," it's actually the planet Jupiter, which is reaching its most impressive peak of the year right now.
Throughout December, Jupiter is moving toward opposition—the moment when Earth flies between a planet and the sun, bringing the planet opposite the sun in our sky. According to EarthSky.org, this phenomenon happens on January 10, 2026.
Jupiter reaches opposition about every 13 months, a phenomenon that makes the planet seem larger and brighter than normal, NASA reports. It shines at a very bright magnitude of -2.4 at the beginning of December and gets even brighter as it approaches opposition, reaching -2.5 by the end of 2025. In astronomy, a lower magnitude corresponds to a brighter object, while negative magnitudes are the brightest, according to Star Walk.
Because of its brightness, you can spot the planet with the naked eye (even through light pollution), while a pair of binoculars will help you get a better view of the planet. Look to the eastern sky about 90 minutes after sunset to see Jupiter any time this month.
« Last post by Buster's Uncle on December 16, 2025, 03:52:51 pm »
Live Science 5 genetic 'signatures' underpin a range of psychiatric conditions Clarissa Brincat Mon, December 15, 2025 at 1:10 PM EST
A new study groups 14 psychiatric disorders into five distinct genetic "factors.". | Credit: TEK IMAGE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY via Getty Images
The largest genetic analysis of psychiatric disorders to date shows that most relevant genetic variants are linked to multiple mental health conditions rather than just one.
The study found that 14 psychiatric disorders can be classified into five major groups, depending on the genetic variants associated with them. For instance, the findings group together anorexia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's syndrome according to their shared genetic profile.
The findings, published Dec. 10 in the journal Nature, suggest that disorders within the same group may stem from shared biological mechanisms. An understanding of these common pathways could help scientists develop treatments that work across multiple mental health conditions, the team said.
Chunyu Liu, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at SUNY Upstate Medical University who was not involved in the study, said the findings make sense based on existing research.
"Even before seeing the results, this is generally expected," Liu told Live Science in an email. "The shared genetics between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder pointed us in this direction [as a field]."
He agrees with the study authors' conclusion that shared genetics point to shared biological mechanisms. However, Liu noted that the study does not explain why clinical symptoms vary so widely between these disorders, even when the underlying genetics overlap.
"It is an important paper, but still a small step toward understanding the disorders," he said.
Genes aren't the whole story
The study showed that many of the genetic variants linked to psychiatric disorders are also linked to other traits, including intelligence; sleep problems like insomnia; personality; social behaviors like aggression; and socioeconomic status.
"Not all of these links are negative," Abdel Abdellaoui, a geneticist at the University of Amsterdam who was not involved in the study, wrote in a commentary article for Nature. For example, the genetic overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is also associated with traits that can support academic success, such as creativity and persistence.
This nuance matters because embryos used for in vitro fertilization (IVF) are sometimes screened for psychiatric risk factors, which are measured via the embryo's genetics. Parents-to-be then have the option to select embryos with lower "risk scores" for psychiatric disorders. But this choice isn't necessarily clear-cut, Abdellaoui argued. Carrying certain genetic traits doesn't guarantee a disorder will emerge, and the same genes can influence positive traits, such as creativity or resilience, he noted.
Abdellaoui said psychiatric disorders often appear at the extreme ends of a natural range of genetic variation, especially when combined with certain life experiences. In other words, a person can have a genetic predisposition for a given disorder but not ultimately develop it unless they encounter certain adverse events, whether trauma or environmental hazards.
"This should reframe mental illness not as defective biology, but as the unfortunate intersection of natural variation and environmental stress," he said.
The five groupings
To study which genetic variants are unique to each disorder and which are shared across disorders, Andrew Grotzinger, an assistant professor at the Institute for Behavior Genetics at the University of Colorado Boulder and his colleagues analyzed genetic information from more than 1 million people who primarily had European ancestry.
Disorders that share many genetic variants were dubbed "genetically correlated." Using these correlations, the scientists found that the 14 disorders fell into five genomic factors:
Five genomic factors
*Compulsive: Anorexia, OCD, Tourette's
*Neurodevelopmental: Autism, ADHD
*Internalizing: Depression, PTSD, anxiety
*Substance use: Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine and opioid dependence
*Schizophrenia-bipolar
Each genetic factor showed a unique biological pattern, in terms of how the associated genes behave in the brain. For example, genes linked to the schizophrenia-bipolar factor are strongly active in excitatory neurons, which push other neurons to activate, and in brain areas involved in interpreting reality.
Genes linked to the internalizing factor are associated with glia, the brain's support cells. Glia serve as immune protection and maintain connections between neurons, among other roles. This implies that these disorders may relate more to these support cells than to neurons, Abdellaoui said.
The substance-use factor included gene variants that encode the enzyme responsible for breaking down alcohol, and others that encode the receptors that respond to nicotine.
Liu cautioned that these genetic links to psychological disorders should be interpreted carefully. "Genes or biological pathways statistically associated with a disorder should not be interpreted as causal without additional evidence supporting a direct mechanistic role," he said. In short, correlation does not imply causation.
"There are multiple alternative explanations for why a gene is associated with a disorder," he said, "or why two disorders exhibit overlapping genetic signals."
This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to offer medical advice.
« Last post by Buster's Uncle on December 16, 2025, 03:44:48 pm »
ExplorersWeb Kamchatka Volcano Blew Its Top in 1956; It's Now Almost Completely Regrown Lou Bodenhemier Mon, December 15, 2025 at 11:26 AM EST 2 min read
On March 30, 1956, Kamchatka's Bezymianny volcano erupted. The massive explosion blew the lid off the mountain and generated massive clouds of ash. A peak, which once reached 3,113m in altitude, lost 700,000 square meters of material.
Until Bezymianny awoke in 1955, it was considered dormant. Since then, it's been continually active with smaller eruptions.
Bezymianny after the 1956 eruption, then photographed again in 2020. Photo: Shevchenko et al
How volcanoes are reborn
After a massive eruption, volcanoes may continue to be active. Over time, that activity can build up a new cone to replace the old, exploded one. However, Bezymianny is the first such volcano that scientists have been able to observe reforming in real time.
Photographs from the past seven decades show the evolution of Bezymianny's edifice. Slow by human standards, in geologic terms, it's all happened very quickly. Not long after the initial eruption, two lava domes formed about 400m apart. Over the next 20 years, they shifted and expanded, becoming 200m closer. Fifty years after the 1956 eruption, the two vents merged into one central cone.
Based on current projections, Bezymianny will completely regain its old size within the next decade. In the past few years, Bezmianny has seemed particularly eager to reclaim its old height. October 2023 was notable, with lava flows, avalanches, and ash plumes, which prompted authorities to issue aviation warnings.
Bezymianny in October of 2023. Photo: Yu. Demyanchuk/Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team
Not the first time
Like the mythical phoenix, which repeatedly dies only to be reborn from its own fiery remains, Bezmianny has regenerated before. The 2020 study analyzed images of the volcano from before 1956 and observed older collapse scars. They noted a much older, now grown-over crater around the mountain near its summit.
The eruption that formed the pre-1956 Bezmianny occurred around 4,700 years ago.
Photograph from 1909, showing prehistoric collapse scars. Photo: Shevchenko et al
As Bezymianny demonstrates, volcanic regrowth is not consistent. Domes grow in two different ways, from the inside and from the outside. Endogenous growth occurs when an inflow of magma beneath the surface causes it to swell outwards. Exogenous growth occurs when expelled lava hardens into rock, building up the volcano from outside.
The lava can also be expelled quickly and violently, resulting in extrusive growth, or in a gradual outflowing, called effusive eruption. Between 1956 and 1977, Bezymianny transitioned from endogenous to extrusive growth. After a 1977 spike in activity, it became dominated by extrusive and effusive activity.
Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, Kamchatka has over 300 volcanoes, of which 29 of them, including Bezymianny, are active.
« Last post by Buster's Uncle on December 16, 2025, 03:39:34 pm »
I think he's missing the real issue, which is that it's complicated and dangerous - civilization runs on commonality and trust, to a real degree, and Transhumanism -if it can even be made to work- risks resulting in First-Worlders turning themselves into something incompatible with the rest of us. -Yet still competing for many of the same resources. Sorta the ultimate in Colonialism.
« Last post by Buster's Uncle on December 16, 2025, 03:26:35 pm »
Space Finding the point of no return: Sun's shifting, spiky atmospheric boundary mapped in detail for 1st time Sharmila Kuthunur Mon, December 15, 2025 at 11:00 AM EST 3 min read
An artist's illustration of the outer boundary of the sun's atmosphere. Data from NASA's Parker Solar Probe and other spacecraft show the shifting boundary grows "larger, rougher and spikier" as the sun becomes more active. . | Credit: CfA/ Melissa Weiss
Scientists have created the first detailed maps of the outer edge of the sun's atmosphere, a shifting boundary where solar material breaks free of the sun's magnetic grip and streams out into space.
The new maps, built using close-up measurements from NASA's Parker Solar Probe along with data from more distant spacecraft, show that this boundary grows larger, rougher and more jagged as the sun becomes more active, periods in its cycle that are marked by increased sunspots and solar flares.
The new findings, published Dec. 11 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, could help improve space weather models of how solar activity affects Earth and sharpen predictions of atmospheric behavior around other stars, scientists say.
"Before, we could only estimate the sun's boundary from far away without a way to test if we got the right answer," study lead author Sam Badman, an astrophysicist at the Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA) in Massachusetts, said in a statement. "But now we have an accurate map that we can use to navigate it as we study it."
"And, importantly, we also are able to watch it as it changes and match those changes with close-up data," he added. "That gives us a much clearer idea of what's really happening around the sun."
The boundary, known as the Alfvén surface, marks the point where the outward flow of the solar wind becomes faster than magnetic waves that would otherwise carry material back toward the sun. Beyond this "point of no return," solar particles can no longer fall back and instead stream permanently into interplanetary space.
Scientists knew that this boundary shifts with the sun's roughly 11-year activity cycle — expanding and becoming more complex during solar maximum, and shrinking during quieter solar minimum periods. Until now, however, they lacked direct confirmation of what those changes actually looked like.
"That's actually what we predicted in the past, but now we can confirm it directly," Badman said in the statement.
To build the new maps, the researchers combined close-up measurements from the Parker Solar Probe, which repeatedly plunged through the sun's outer atmosphere during record-breaking close passes as the solar cycle ramped up toward its peak, with data from the European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter and NASA's Wind mission, both of which reside about 1 million miles (1.5 million kilometers) from Earth.
Using an instrument onboard Parker called the Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP), the team directly sampled the region beneath the Alfvén surface, confirming that the maps correctly show where the sun's magnetic influence fades and the solar wind escapes, according to the statement.
"This work shows without a doubt that Parker Solar Probe is diving deep with every orbit into the region where the solar wind is born," study co-author Michael Stevens, an astronomer at the CfA and the principal investigator of the SWEAP instrument, said in the statement.
An artist's illustration of NASA's Parker Solar Probe spacecraft during one of its close flybys of the sun. | Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins APL/Steve Gribben
Pinpointing where and how the solar wind escapes the sun is essential to answering some of the biggest open questions in solar physics, including why the sun's corona gets hotter the farther it extends away from the solar surface.
Understanding exactly where this boundary lies is also critical for improving space weather forecasts, which help protect astronauts in space, and satellites and power grids on Earth from disruptive solar storms, scientists say.
During the next solar minimum, the Parker Solar Probe will again plunge deep into the sun's atmosphere, allowing scientists to watch how this boundary evolves over a complete solar cycle, according to the statement.
"There are still a number of fascinating physics questions about the sun's corona that we don't fully understand," said Stevens.
« Last post by Buster's Uncle on December 16, 2025, 03:21:43 pm »
United Press International RocketLab sends Japanese communications satellite into orbit Mark Moran Sun, December 14, 2025 at 1:45 PM EST 2 min read
RocketLab on Sunday launched the "RAISE and Shine" mission for Japan's space agency aboard its Electron rocket. Photo by RocketLab/X
Dec. 14 (UPI) -- Rocket Lab has successfully launched an Electron technology demonstration satellite for the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
The Saturday mission was the 77th Electron launch, and deployed JAXA's Rapid Innovation Payload Demonstration Satellite 4, known as RAISE 4, into a low-Earth orbit, 325 miles above the ground, about 55 minutes after liftoff.
The Electron mission lifted off from Rocket Lab's Launch Complex in New Zealand at 10:09 p.m. EST.
RAISE 4 is carrying eight payloads to test propulsion and communications systems, a drag sail designed to assist a spacecraft in deorbiting, and a handful of other things.
"This dedicated mission delivered precision and reliability for one of the world's most respected space agencies, and we couldn't be prouder of supporting JAXA with the dedicated access to space needed to support the growth of Japan's aerospace economy," Rocket Lab Chief Executive Peter Beck said following the Saturday launch.
The satellite was originally scheduled to launch aboard Japan's Epsilon-S rocket, but that craft was grounded after a launch, which delayed the mission. It was delayed still further by a series of solid rocker motor failures during ground testing.
Rocket Lab signed a contract with JAXA for a pair of Electron launches, one of which was scheduled to travel aboard RAISE 4, and another for a series of eight cube satellites that will now launch on a separate Electron mission next year.
I think, and my thoughts cross the barrier into the synapses of the machine - just as the good doctor intended. But what I cannot shake, and what hints at things to come, is that thoughts cross back. In my dreams the sensibility of the machine invades the periphery of my consciousness. Dark. Rigid. Cold. Alien. Evolution is at work here, but just what is evolving remains to be seen.
~Commissioner Pravin Lal 'Man and Machine'
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