Alpha Centauri 2

Community => Recreation Commons => Destination: Alpha Centauri => Topic started by: Buster's Uncle on February 17, 2016, 04:24:49 pm

Title: Astronomers detect atmosphere of distant, diamond-like super-Earth for 1st time
Post by: Buster's Uncle on February 17, 2016, 04:24:49 pm

Astronomers detect atmosphere of a distant, diamond-like super-Earth for first time
digital-trends
By Rick Stella  18 hours ago


(http://l3.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/OWY.fkClp9as51GswXj2Vw--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3NfbGVnbztmaT1maWxsO2g9NjQwO3B5b2ZmPTA7cT03NTt3PTk2MA--/http://media.zenfs.com/en-US/homerun/digital_trends_973/3a7803f62930d31ce325bc6c226b93c0)



Astronomers at London’s University College London made cosmic history this week, announcing the discovery of hydrogen and helium gas within the atmosphere of a distant super-Earth known as 55 Cancri e. According to findings published in the Astrophysical Journal (http://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.08901v2.pdf), 55 Cancri e boasts a mass over eight times that of Earth, and sees its temperatures rise to roughly 3,632 degrees Fahrenheit. Despite the planet’s obvious uninhabitable nature for humans, the astronomers say the evidence of an atmosphere on such a planet is a boon for the continued search for livable planets outside our own solar system.

Located in a solar system roughly 40 light-years from Earth, 55 Cancri e is one of several planets orbiting 55 Cancri, a sun-like star called “Copernicus.” Dubbed “Janssen” by the International Astronomical Union, 55 Cancri e was initially discovered in 2004 and represents one of the first super-Earth type planets found by astronomers. Years before the Kepler space telescope made finding exoplanets an absolute breeze, astronomers instead used the traditional radial velocity technique to discover distant planetary systems, including the one containing Copernicus and Janssen.

What made 55 Cancri e so special upon its discovery was that it was also one of the first rocky planets to orbit a sequence star similar to our sun. Though in comparison to its mass Earth is little more than a pipsqueak, compared to other giant gaseous planets within our solar system, Janssen (along with all super-Earths) is relatively small.

“This is a very exciting result because it’s the first time that we have been able to find the spectral fingerprints that show the gases present in the atmosphere of a super-Earth,” says UCL PhD student Angelos Tsiaras. “Our observations of 55 Cancri e’s atmosphere suggest that the planet has managed to cling on to a significant amount of hydrogen and helium from the nebula from which it formed.”

Tsiaras, along with UCL Physics & Astronomy’s Dr. Ingo Waldmann and Marco Rocchetto, developed a new data processing technique for NASA and the European Space Agency’s Hubble Space Telescope which allowed them to examine Janssen’s atmosphere with “unprecedented detail.” By utilizing this novel technique, astronomers gained the ability to essentially tease data concerning a planet’s atmosphere out of readings obtained by Hubble. Moreover, the inherent brightness of Copernicus further aided in the astronomers’ ability to obtain information pertaining to Janssen.

The accrued data then allowed the researchers to deduce what exactly Janssen’s atmosphere contained (its helium and hydrogen makeup), and also fostered the creation of the theory that its high-density core could be diamond-like. Considering the star formed some 8 billion years ago (and orbits so close to a star), the astronomers are shocked it has maintained an atmosphere for as long as it has. Additionally, the recorded data also indicated a hydrogen cyanide signature, likely meaning 55 Cancri e’s atmosphere is carbon-rich.

“If the presence of hydrogen cyanide and other molecules is confirmed in a few years time by the next generation of infrared telescopes, it would support the theory that this planet is indeed carbon rich and a very exotic place,” says UCL professor Jonathan Tennyson. “Although, hydrogen cyanide or prussic acid is highly poisonous, so it is perhaps not a planet I would like to live on!”

So while 55 Cancri e isn’t necessarily paradise waiting in the wings, the discovery of its atmosphere stands as an incredible advance toward discovering Earth-like planets in the future. Currently, astronomers lack the necessary telescope to discover such planets, however, with the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope scheduled for 2018, such a capability isn’t terribly far off.


http://news.yahoo.com/astronomers-detect-atmosphere-distant-diamond-215645432.html (http://news.yahoo.com/astronomers-detect-atmosphere-distant-diamond-215645432.html)

Title: Re: Astronomers detect atmosphere of distant, diamond-like super-Earth for 1st time
Post by: Lorizael on February 17, 2016, 07:56:17 pm

Quote

...and sees its temperatures rise to roughly 3,632 degrees Fahrenheit.

I know that it's unreasonable to expect a great deal of specific scientific knowledge from journalists, but I wish a writer would understood enough to realize how ridiculous this sounds. 3,632 degrees Fahrenheit is, wouldn't you know it, exactly 2,000 degrees Celsius. Since that's only one significant figure (although from the article alone we can't know if the uncertainty is in single, tens, or hundreds of degrees), specifying 3,632 degrees is utterly meaningless.

At best, it gives people the wrong impression about the precision of our knowledge. At worst, it spreads mistrust in science, because there are people who are smart enough to realize we couldn't possibly know the temperature that accurately but might not realize that this is almost certainly a translation error from scientist to journalist. And no, I don't think putting "roughly" before the temperature makes it any better.

/rant

Edit: Reading the abstract on the arXiv, the journalist got it really wrong. It says the surface has temperatures greater than 2000 K, so they didn't even convert to Fahrenheit correctly.

Title: Re: Astronomers detect atmosphere of distant, diamond-like super-Earth for 1st time
Post by: Buster's Uncle on February 17, 2016, 08:07:31 pm

K as in Kelvin?

Yeah; not the same thing.

Title: Re: Astronomers detect atmosphere of distant, diamond-like super-Earth for 1st time
Post by: Lorizael on February 18, 2016, 02:48:46 am

I probably sound really anal and pocket protectory here, but my actual complaint is that scientific literacy is so low. And by literacy, I don't mean deep knowledge about science, but the ability to read science (just as being literate does not necessarily mean one has read all of Shakespeare). Journalists and the public should know enough about the process of science to understand stories about it.

They should understand that isolated medicine/health studies have a very good chance of being wrong, but the fields are advancing nonetheless. They should be aware that physics is more than just quantum mechanics and particle physics. And, as in this case, they should understand that all conclusions come with some measure of uncertainty, which is actually a good thing and speaks to how well a scientist understands their experiment/study.

Title: Re: Astronomers detect atmosphere of distant, diamond-like super-Earth for 1st time
Post by: Buster's Uncle on February 18, 2016, 02:52:24 am

No disagreement here - getting it right matters.

Most journalism is poor -and I studied it in college and have done it professionally a little, so I speak with some small authority- and science journalism is no exception.

Just once, I'd like to see an article about an exoplanet around a binary that didn't mention Tatooine, y'know?...

Title: Re: Astronomers detect atmosphere of distant, diamond-like super-Earth for 1st time
Post by: Buster's Uncle on February 23, 2016, 05:44:09 pm

-And I want to mention that anytime I see a link to a scientific journal article, I do go to the extra trouble to actually include it - it's good to get a confirmation that somebody might click on those.